BPDCN is a rare cancer that affects the bone marrow and blood. It affects a type of immune cell called plasmacytoid dendritic cells. These cells grow and multiply too quickly.

These problems usually cause the first signs and symptoms of BPDCN. “Signs” are measured by tests, like a blood test. “Symptoms” are something you feel in your body, like nausea or pain. 

People with BPDCN may experience symptoms that arise suddenly or develop gradually over time, and they can look similar to those of other illnesses. Understanding what to watch for can help you and your care team identify concerns early and guide next steps.

It is important to remember that many of the signs and symptoms listed below could be caused by something other than cancer. If you are concerned about health changes or a symptom you are experiencing, talk to a doctor.

Skin lesions

The most common symptom of BPDCN is skin lesions. About 90% of people with BPDCN develop skin lesions. They can appear as nodules, plaques, or bruise-like patches and are typically red, purple, or brown in color. These lesions can be anywhere on the body but often occur in sun-exposed areas such as the forehead, scalp, or upper chest. They can be itchy or painful, but in some cases are asymptomatic. 

Fatigue

Fatigue is exhaustion that goes beyond normal tiredness. It can make even simple daily tasks feel difficult and can impact work, social activities, and overall quality of life. Fatigue often does not get better with rest. This makes it difficult to concentrate, stay active, or maintain emotional well-being.

Enlarged lymph nodes 

BPDCN can cause the lymph nodes to become enlarged and swollen. They can often be felt as lumps under the skin. 

Abdominal pain 

Some people with BPDCN may experience abdominal (belly) pain as a result of swelling of the spleen and other internal organs impacted by the disease. 

Central nervous system involvement 

BPDCN may affect the central nervous system (CNS). The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord. This leads to neurological symptoms that differ in severity and how they appear.  Evaluation typically requires a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which is then examined for cancerous cells.

Routine CNS evaluation is important in all people with BPDCN at the time of diagnosis or at the time of relapse. Early detection can support better symptom control and guide more tailored therapy plans.

Read more about BPDCN signs and symptoms.