What are oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes and common types of each?

[Music] what are oncogenes so oncogenes are genes that are oncogenic meaning they cause cancer and one of the most famous oncogenes is mick it was one of the first described by harold varmus who won the nobel prize for for that he found it in chickens and it turns out to be an incredibly important oncogene in multiple moma and we think it's one that is associated with the progression from the benign disease monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma uh cancer not in all patients but but in a fair number of patients but there are there are other oncogenes there's quite a filanco genes the important ones in multiple myeloma are cyclin d1 cyclin d2 and cyclin d3 math math a and math b fgf receptor 3 and mmset those are the the genes that are located at the chromosome translocations that we talked about earlier and then of course mick and i mentioned earlier today uh nras and k-ras those those are probably the most important oncogenes in multiple myeloma an oncogene is a cell that if you put it into an assay in a dish it can transform normal cells into cancerous cells and so we all have these latent genes in our genome just that if you turn them on at the wrong time in the wrong way in the wrong cell they can cause cancer but there doesn't actually need to be any you know single point mutation or anything different about the gene in that person what are tumor suppressor genes so tumor suppressor genes are sort of like the opposite of oncogenes the tumor suppressor genes are genes that suppress the development of tumors in the dish and in people and when you when the tumor loses them they lose the ability to suppress the tumor so a really good example is when we were talking about earlier p53 that's a tumor suppressor gene and when it's lost the tumor can grow out of control other important tumor suppressor gene for multiple myeloma is the retinoblastoma gene on chromosome 13 and another gene on chromosome 1p called p called p18 what are dna repair genes dna repair genes are genes that are important in keeping the genome stable and avoiding the accumulation of mutations over time and they're not either a tumor suppressor gene or a oncogene but they are tumor susceptibility genes so that if that if you uh enact typically if you inactivate one of those genes you're more susceptible uh to a developed tumor or for the tumors more likely to progress and there are um two myeloma tumors that acquire uh mutations of those genes uh and um they they we think tend to do a little bit worse they're not as common in multiple myelomas and some other tumors [Music]