Vulvar Cancer Screening

Is there a screening test for vulvar cancer?

Unlike cervical cancer, there is no established routine screening test for vulvar cancer in people without symptoms or concerning findings. Vulvar cancer is relatively uncommon, and research has not established a population-wide screening program that improves outcomes.

Can a Pap test detect vulvar cancer?

No. A Pap test collects cells from the cervix to look for changes associated with cervical cancer. It does not screen for vulvar cancer. Similarly, routine cervical HPV testing is not a screening test for vulvar cancer. A person can have normal Pap and HPV test results and still develop vulvar cancer.

How is vulvar cancer detected?

Vulvar cancer is often identified when a person reports symptoms or a healthcare professional notices an abnormal area during an examination. The clinician may examine the vulva for:

• Lumps or growths

• Persistent sores

• Abnormal pigmentation

• Thickened skin

• Areas of irritation or ulceration

If a suspicious lesion is found, a biopsy is usually needed.

Who may need closer monitoring?

People with certain conditions may need regular vulvar examinations, including those with:

• Lichen sclerosus

• A history of vulvar high-grade precancer

• Differentiated VIN

• Previous vulvar cancer

• Certain immunosuppressive conditions

The frequency of follow-up depends on the underlying condition, previous treatment, and individual risk.

Should I examine my vulva at home?

Being aware of changes in vulvar appearance and symptoms can be helpful. A mirror may make it easier to notice new skin changes, but self-examination is not a substitute for medical evaluation.

Contact a healthcare professional about persistent itching, sores, growths, or unexplained skin changes.