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B-cell lymphomas are a type of blood cancer representing the majority (80-85%) of non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). NHLs are a diverse group of blood cancers that affect immune cells known as lymphocytes, with different symptom patterns and responses to treatment. NHL usually originates in lymphoid tissues like lymph nodes or spleen and can spread to other organs.

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How Can Lymphoma Alter Your Bloodwork?

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When diagnosed with lymphoma or facing a relapse, blood work is a crucial part of monitoring the overall health. Blood tests can provide information about the body's condition and how lymphoma affects the normal body functions. In this article you’ll learn the most common alterations in blood work that lymphoma patients might experience, what each value means, normal ranges, and why these values can be altered.

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Complete Blood Count (CBC)

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A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is a common blood test that provides important information about the different cells that constitute your blood. Blood cells are produced in the bone marrow. When lymphoma cells invade the bone marrow, they can crowd our healthy bone marrow cells, making it difficult for the normal production of blood cells to occur. This is why patients with lymphoma often experience altered blood cell counts in their test results.

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White Blood Cells (WBC)

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Normal range: 3.2-10.6 k/ul
What it means: White blood cells are crucial for fighting infection. Lymphocytes and neutrophils are types of white blood cells.
Why it’s altered: Lymphoma can either increase WBC counts due to the overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes (lymphocytosis) or decrease WBC counts if the disease affects the bone marrow’s normal function (neutropenia). Due to the essential role of these cells in the immune system’s defenses, altered counts will always be linked to an increased risk of infection or an active infection.

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Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin (Hb)

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Normal range: 12.1-15.9 g/dL
What it means: Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells (erythrocytes) that carries oxygen throughout your body.
Why it’s altered: Lymphoma cells invading the bone marrow can decrease the production of red blood cells, leading to lower hemoglobin levels, which is commonly known as anemia.

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Platelets

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Normal range: 150 - 440 k/ul
What it means: Platelets are fragments of a cell called megakaryocyte that circulate in the blood and play a crucial role in blood clotting and wound healing.
Why it’s altered: If lymphoma affects the bone marrow, it can result in a low platelet count, known as thrombocytopenia, which can lead to an increased risk of bleeding and bruising.

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What is Other Blood Tests Can Detect Lymphoma?

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Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

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Normal range: 100 - 253 or 300 - 600 U/L
What it means: LDH is an enzyme found in almost all body tissues, and high levels can indicate tissue damage. The range varies greatly in this lab value for many reasons: each laboratory has a different range for what's considered normal. Your lab report should show the range that your lab uses for each test. Another reason is that your doctor will look at your results and, based on age, health, and other factors, will make a full-picture interpretation of what might be happening in your body. A value that isn't in the normal range may still be normal for you.
Why it’s altered: Elevated LDH levels are common in lymphoma patients and can indicate the presence and extent of disease and be a marker of tumor burden.

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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

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Normal range: 0 to 22 mm/hr for men, 0 to 29 mm/hr for women, but it gradually increases with age.
What it means: ESR is a test that indirectly measures the amount of inflammation in the body. It measures the rate at which the red blood cells, or erythrocytes, fall to the bottom of a blood sample tube.
Why It’s altered: Elevated ESR can be seen in lymphoma due to the inflammatory response caused by the disease.

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Beta-2 Microglobulin (β2M)

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Normal range: 0.70 to 1.80 mg/L
What It means: Beta-2 microglobulin is a protein found on most cells' surfaces, but some, particularly lymphocytes, release it into the blood. β-2 microglobulin is usually elevated in some cancers, inflammation diseases, and kidney disease.
Why it’s altered: In lymphoma, high levels of β-2 microglobulin can indicate a higher number of lymphoma cells or tumor burden, making it a useful marker for diagnosis and prognosis.

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Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

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What they mean: These tests assess liver function.
Why they’re altered: Abnormal levels can indicate that lymphoma cells are invading the liver. Side effects from some treatments can also produce changes in liver function.

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Liver function tests measure the levels of enzymes and proteins in the blood produced by the liver. They are an indicator of the liver health status and they can also alert if there are obstructions in the biliary tract. The indicators for liver functions are:

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Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): is an enzyme that can be elevated when the liver is damaged by viral infection, fibrosis (cirrhosis), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, also known as fatty liver, and drug toxicity. In rarer cases, it can also be elevated when there are muscle injuries from trauma or excessive exercise. \n\n\t
- Normal range: 7 to 56 units per liter
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Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): is also an enzyme used to measure liver health, however, it is less specific because it can be found in other tissues. \n\t
- Normal range: 10 to 40 units per liter
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Alkaline phosphatase (ALP): is an enzyme that also helps determine the functioning of the liver and gallbladder or identify concerns with the bones. Its function in the body is important in calcium metabolism. It can also be helpful as an infection or inflammation indicator.\n\t
- Normal range: 44 to 147 units per liter
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Bilirubin: It is the product of red blood cell metabolism, and it also helps break down food in the digestive system. It has a yellow color, and high bilirubin levels can alter the skin color and make it yellow. In more severe cases it can also tint the eyes yellow; this condition is called jaundice. When bilirubin levels are low, it can produce a rare condition called acholia, where the stool is white instead of brown, and choluria, when the urine color is black as a cola soda. This can happen when there is a bile tract obstruction.\n\t
- Normal range: 0.1 to 1.2 milligrams per deciliter
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Monitoring blood work is essential for managing lymphoma. Understanding these common alterations can help you navigate your health status and engage in more informed discussions with your healthcare team. Consult your healthcare provider to interpret your results and develop a personalized care plan.

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Take control of your care with HealthTree Cure Hub!

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With HealthTree, you can continue learning about lymphoma, discover treatment options, find a specialist or a clinical trial, and so much more! Sign up for a free patient account today to get started.

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CREATE MY FREE ACCOUNT

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Sources:

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https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/202677-overview#a2
https://healthtree.org/myeloma/community/resources
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The term leukemia can refer to different blood cancers. The type of leukemia depends on the blood cell affected and whether it grows quickly or slowly. While leukemia occurs most often in adults older than 55, it is also the most common cancer in children younger than 15.

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There are common findings that may indicate to health professionals that a person could have a blood disorder. A symptom that is commonly found in leukemia patients is red dots on the skin.

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Keep in mind that having red dots or any of the symptoms described below does not necessarily mean you have leukemia and, similarly, not all leukemia patients have skin symptoms.

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What Are The Common Skin Symptoms in Leukemia Patients?

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Many of the skin symptoms are a result of the blood cell imbalance that leukemia produces: red blood cells provide a rosy or reddish color to the skin, and white blood cells protect it from harmful substances. Platelets help keep healthy blood vessels from breaking and stop blood loss when, for example, a paper cut.

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When we have fewer red blood cells than normal, besides bodily symptoms, the skin can also be altered by losing the natural pinkish or reddish undertone.

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When we produce too many white blood cells, the ones protecting the skin may infiltrate creating an abnormal response like rashes or itching. However, having low platelet levels can also manifest in a rash-like area in the skin. This is why it’s very important to consult a trained healthcare professional to assess these skin changes and differentiate the rashes to properly treat them.

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Small red dots (petechiae or purpura)
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Petechiae are tiny red, purple, or brown spots under the skin caused by the rupture of small blood vessels called capillaries. They are very small and often found in arms and legs. When this bleeding affects larger areas under the skin, it is known as purpura. These symptoms occur due to low platelet levels, which impair the blood’s ability to clot.

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Easy Bruising
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This refers to bruising even with minor bumps. Bruises may appear in unusual places, such as the back or hands, and take longer to heal. Patients who experience this may not know how they got those bruises until they see them or experience tenderness from the lesion.

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We have a comprehensive article specifically on bruising, click here to read it.

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Pale Skin (Anemia)
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Leukemia can cause a decreased production of red blood cells, leading to anemia. One visible symptom of anemia is pale or grayish skin, a person can feel fatigue, weakness, and breathlessness when the red blood cells are abnormally low and, in severe cases, may require a blood transfusion.

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Leukemia Cutis
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Leukemia cutis is a rare condition affecting up to 3% of leukemia patients. It occurs when leukemia cells infiltrate the skin and cause lesions. These lesions can be purple or red-brown and appear under the skin like freckles or as small bloody blisters. They commonly appear in the legs, arms, back, chest, scalp, and face. Leukemia cutis usually appears after patients have been diagnosed with leukemia, but in rare cases, it can come before that.

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Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Rash
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Like leukemia cutis, AML rashes result from acute myeloid leukemia cells invading the skin. Symptoms include discolored patches or bumps that may be raised or tender.

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Mouth Sores
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Leukemia can cause mouth problems such as swelling of the gums, bleeding, ulcers, and petechiae in the mouth. Patients may also experience oral infections and reduced jaw mobility.

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Sweet Syndrome or Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
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It is a rare disorder characterized by inflamed skin lesions caused when a type of blood cell called neutrophil infiltrates the skin. It can also cause eye lesions or inflammation and often comes with fever, joint pain, headaches, and fatigue. The skin lesions typically affect the arms and upper body and can be managed with steroid treatment.

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Mastocytosis
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Mast cells are immune cells located in the skin, they have granules that, under stress or foreign substances, are released and produce flushing, itching, and swelling in the skin. When an excess amount of mastocytes are activated (mastocytosis), the symptoms resemble an allergic reaction and can be treated with antihistamines.

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When Should You Seek Professional Help?

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Rashes and other skin issues can have many causes. However, it’s important to follow your gut and listen to your body if you think there is something out of the ordinary. Some signs that might seem odd but don’t have discomfort can also hide a more serious condition. So, to prevent any complications, it’s important to seek help from a trained health professional who can identify these symptoms and give you an accurate diagnosis.

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Notice increased bleeding or bruising.
Develop purple patches on the skin.
Experience frequent mouth sores.
Have accompanying symptoms like fatigue.

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These could be early signs of a blood disorder or indications that treatment adjustments are necessary for those already diagnosed.

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Frequently Asked Questions

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What does a leukemia rash look like? Leukemia rashes appear as tiny red spots or purple areas that do not fade when pressed, these are caused by low platelet levels and the rupture of very small blood vessels in the skin. These spots are also known as petechiae or purpura, depending on their size.
What does leukemia bruising look like? Leukemia bruises may occur more easily and in unusual places, often accompanied by petechiae or purpura.
Is a rash a symptom of leukemia? Yes, it could be linked to leukemia, but rashes are also a symptom of other diseases and conditions. The diagnosis has to be determined by a health professional after examination and questioning of a patient’s overall health. Petechiae and purpura can be early signs of leukemia, though they can also result from other conditions.
Where does a leukemia rash appear first? Rashes commonly start on the chest, abdomen, legs, and arms.
Are leukemia rashes itchy? They can be itchy in some cases, but not always.

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Understanding these skin changes can help patients and caregivers recognize early symptoms of leukemia and seek timely medical advice. If you experience any of these symptoms, consult with your healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.

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Accelerate the Discovery of New Treatment Options by Connecting Your Records to HealthTree Cure Hub!

\n\n

If you are interested in participating in or finding a clinical trial, locating a leukemia specialist, or staying informed about updates on leukemia, you can create a free HealthTree Cure Hub account!

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CREATE YOUR FREE ACCOUNT

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Sources:

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How Can Lymphoma Alter Your Bloodwork?

What is Other Blood Tests Can Detect Lymphoma?

What Are The Common Skin Symptoms in Leukemia Patients?

Small red dots (petechiae or purpura)

Easy Bruising

Pale Skin (Anemia)

Leukemia Cutis

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Rash

Mouth Sores

Sweet Syndrome or Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis

Mastocytosis

When Should You Seek Professional Help?

Frequently Asked Questions

Accelerate the Discovery of New Treatment Options by Connecting Your Records to HealthTree Cure Hub!